Resumo As caracterizações agromorfológicas oferecem meios robustos e vigorosos para a caracterização precisa do germoplasma a ser utilizado em programas de melhoramento. Aqui, análises baseadas em características agromorfológicas foram consideradas para descobrir a variabilidade genética dentro de 99 acessos de milho e cinco variedades de controle incluindo Azam, W. Islamabad, Haq Nawaz, Ev-5 e Evr197. Um total de 28 características agromorfológicas importantes foi contabilizado nas trilhas de campo na Universidade Hazara Mansehra, Paquistão, durante a primavera de 2015. A variação máxima foi detectada no peso de grãos por espiga (53,43), seguido pelo número de grãos por linha (38,64) e área da folha da bandeira (cm2), (38,09%). A análise de cluster dividiu os 99 acessos de milho com cinco variedades de acessos de milho em 7 clusters seguindo o agrupamento hierárquico. O cluster II registrou 29 genótipos com máxima produtividade de grãos por espiga e maior comprimento de folha bandeira, seguido do cluster IV. O menor rendimento de grãos por espiga foi observado para os acessos do cacho I. Da mesma forma, o cacho VII consistiu no acesso com maior comprimento de espiga. Além disso, as investigações também revelaram que o constituinte primário entre os cinco primeiros componentes principais com um valor próprio de cerca de 0,98 em relação a 68,75% do total de variantes. PCI representou 25,53%, PCII contribuiu com 18,31% e PCIII é 9,88% da variabilidade morfológica geral, onde os contribuintes significativos foram peso de grãos por espiga, número de grãos por linha, peso de 1.000 grãos. A identificação de um nível significativo de diversidade genética durante a presente investigação tem implicações para a caracterização de germoplasma de milho, conservação e programas de melhoramento visando o desenvolvimento de cultivares melhoradas de milho.

Abstract Agro-morphological characterizations offer robust and vigorous means for the precise characterization of germplasm to be used in breeding programs. Here, agro-morphological features-based analyses were considered to figure out the genetic variability within 99 maize accessions and five (5) check varieties including Azam, W. Islamabad, Haq Nawaz, Ev-5 and Evr197. A total of 28 important agro-morphological traits were accounted in the field trails at Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan, during spring 2015. The maximum variation was detected in grain weight per cob (53.43), followed by number of kernels per row (38.64) and flag leaf area (cm2), (38.09%). Cluster analysis divided the 99 maize accession with five check varieties of maize accessions into 7 clusters following the hierarchical clustering. Cluster II recorded 29 genotypes with maximum grain yield per cob, and highest flag leaf length, followed by cluster IV. Lowest grain yield per cob was noted for accessions of cluster I. Similarly, cluster VII consisted of accession with the longest cob length. Moreover, the investigations also revealed that the primary constituent among first five principal components with an eigen value about more than 0.98 in relation to 68.75% of the total variants. PCI accounted for 25.53%, PCII contributed 18.31%, and PCIII is 9.88% of the overall morphological variability were significant contributors were grain weight per cob, number of kernel per row, 1000 grain weight. The identification of a significant level of genetic diversity during the present investigation having implications for maize germplasm characterisation, conservation, and breeding programs aiming at developing improvement maize cultivars.

ABSTRACT: Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was reported among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds.Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg.100 g-1), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). A total of 42 flavor components belonging to various flavor compound groups were identified. The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids, and other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.8 and 528.5 µg.kg-1, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.7 and 297.9 µg.kg-1 fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were reported for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highly correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69). The results of the study will be beneficial in terms of food analysis, cultivation, and breeding studies of apricot.

RESUMO: As geadas do final da primavera são um dos fatores de estresse abiótico restritivos mais importantes do cultivo de damasco em todo o mundo. Neste estudo, algumas características físicas e bioquímicas de qualidade da fruta e compostos aromáticos voláteis foram determinados em amostras de frutas frescas de 13 híbridos de damasco tolerantes à geada da primavera, recentemente obtidos do programa de melhoramento de damasco turco. Uma grande variação foi encontrada entre os genótipos de damasco em todas as características físicas e bioquímicas dos frutos avaliados e também nos compostos aromáticos voláteis. O tamanho dos frutos variou entre 27.2 e 60.5 g, sólidos solúveis entre 13.6 e 17.4 %, caroteno total 26.6 e 42.8 (mg.100 g-1) e teor de fenólicos totais 354.2 e 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). Um total de 42 componentes aromatizantes pertencentes a vários grupos de compostos aromatizantes foram identificados. Os principais grupos de compostos aromáticos voláteis detectados nos genótipos de damasco avaliados foram: aldeídos, cetonas, ésteres, álcoois, terpenos, ácidos e outros compostos. Os compostos: Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol e Limoneno foram os mais abundantes em termos de concentração. O hexanal variou entre 55.8 e 528.5 µg.kg-1, e o 2-Hexen-1-ol variou entre 25.7 e 297.9 µg.kg-1 demassa fresca . A análise de correlação revelou correlações significativas entre alguns compostos aromáticos e características bioquímicas de qualidade do fruto. Correlações significativas foram encontradas para ésteres com acidez titulável (r=0.79) e caroteno total (r=-0.61) e aldeídos foram encontrados como altamente correlacionados com sólidos solúveis totais (r=-0.69). Os resultados do estudo serão benéficos em termos de análise de alimentos, cultivo e estudos de melhoramento de damasco.

Abstract Objectives: Remdesivir is an antiviral agent with positive effects on the prognosis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). However, there are concerns about the detrimental effects of remdesivir on kidney function which might consequently lead to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). In this study, we aim to determine whether remdesivir use in COVID-19 patients increases the risk of AKI. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, medRxiv, and bio-Rxiv were systematically searched until July 2022, to find Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT) that evaluated remdesivir for its effect on COVID-19 and provided information on AKI events. A random-effects model metaanalysis was conducted and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. The primary outcomes were AKI as a Serious Adverse Event (SAE) and combined serious and non-serious Adverse Events (AE) due to AKI. Results: This study included 5 RCTs involving 3095 patients. Remdesivir treatment was not associated with a significant change in the risk of AKI classified as SAE (Risk Ratio [RR]: 0.71, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 0.43‒1.18, p = 0.19, low-certainty evidence) and AKI classified as any grade AEs (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.52‒1.33, p = 0.44, low-certainty evidence), compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our study suggested that remdesivir treatment probably has little or no effect on the risk of AKI in COVID-19 patients.

Abstract Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the maxillary alveolus is a relatively rare disease. There is lack of data on this subsite as compared with other sites. The factors that affect survival in cases of maxillary alveolar SCC are tumor stage, local and cervical metastases, histological grading, and the margin status. Objectives To evaluate the overall survival (OS), the disease free survival (DFS), and the complex interaction and effects of margin status, histological differentiation, habits (such as smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco products), and cervical and distant metastases based on clinicopathological data. Methods We examined the electronic database at our hospital from 2003 to 2017. We included all cases with a histopathological diagnosis of SCC of the maxillary alveolus. Tumors originating primarily from the maxillary alveolus were included, while those originating from adjacent subsites, like the hard palate, the buccal mucosa or the maxillary sinus were excluded. We also excluded all the patients who were not operated on with a curative intent. Results More than half of the patients had stage-IV tumors at the time of presentation, while only one fourth of them had nodal metastasis. The rate of recurrence increased in cases of primary tumors in advanced stages and the degree of histological differentiation. The 2-year and 5-year OS rates were of 54.5% (18 patients) and 30.3% (10 patients) respectively. Conclusion Primary tumors in advanced stages, histological grade, and presence of nodal metastasis are poor prognostic markers in terms of long-term survival.

ABSTRACT The genetic improvement of any breeding population largely depends upon the magnitude of genetic variability present. This study was carried out to estimate parameters of the genetic variation among 13 quantitative traits of bread wheat evaluated at INRAA-Setif institute (Algeria) during the 2020-2021 crop season in a rainfed environment. 34 genotypes including four control checks were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Genotypes showed significant variations for almost all the studied traits. Proline content, spikes weight, and grain yield exhibited a high genotypic coefficient of variation along with moderate to high heritability coupled with a high genetic gain, suggesting the implication of additive gene action. The number of spikes, spikes weight, and thousand kernel weight were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path analysis results showed that spikes weight is an important route through which most of the measured traits influenced indirectly grain yield. Lines L1, L20, L28, L16, and L18 exhibited a sizeable grain yield advantage, which suggests they are potential candidates for future release and could be incorporated into the wheat breeding programs as parents to improve yield in the rainfed environments of Algeria.

RESUMEN La mejora genética de cualquier población reproductora depende en gran medida de la magnitud de la variabilidad genética presente. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para estimar parámetros de la variación genética entre 13 caracteres cuantitativos de trigo harinero evaluados en el instituto INRAA-Setif (Argelia) durante la temporada de cultivo 2020-2021 en ambiente de secano. 34 genotipos, incluidos cuatro testigos de control, se sembraron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Los genotipos mostraron variaciones significativas para casi todas las características estudiadas. El contenido de prolina, el peso de las espigas y el rendimiento de grano exhibieron un alto coeficiente de variación genotípico junto con una heredabilidad de moderada a alta junto con una alta ganancia genética, lo que sugiere la implicación de una acción génica aditiva. El número de espigas, el peso de las espigas y el peso de mil granos se correlacionaron significativa y positivamente con el rendimiento de grano tanto a nivel fenotípico como genotípico. Los resultados del análisis de ruta mostraron que el peso de las espigas resultó ser una ruta importante a través de la cual la mayoría de los rasgos medidos influyeron indirectamente en el rendimiento del grano. Las líneas L1, L20, L28, L16 y L18 exhibieron una ventaja considerable en el rendimiento de grano, lo que sugiere que son candidatas potenciales para lanzamientos futuros y podrían incorporarse en el programa de mejoramiento de trigo como progenitores para mejorar el rendimiento en ambientes de secano de Argelia.

Abstract Clinical evidence suggests that T2DM and its complications can be prevented through regular intake of functional foods. This cost-effective way of managing T2DM in developing world might prove very beneficial. A randomized controlled trial was done to compare effects of Fenugreek and Cinnamon on treatment of newly diagnosed cases of T2 DM. Subjects were selected from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Islamabad. Study was carried out in three phases: Phase I, baseline; Phase II, after 90 days and Pahse III at end of washout period. Subjects, from both genders, were within the age range of 40-65 years. There were 26 subjects in each group. Serum levels of FPG, HbA1c, fasting insulin levels, lipid profile were measured at baseline and at the end of 2nd and 3rd phases. BMI, WC and WHR were also studied in all phases of the study. SPSS (version 22) was used for analysis. Cinnamon seemed to have more effect on both anthropometric (BMI & WC) and biochemical (FPG, HbA1c, serum Insulin, serum cholesterol, HDL & LDL) parameters, as compared to Fenugreek, which had effect on WC, FPG, HbA1c, serum cholesterol and TG only. Although, the magnitude of these effects was similar in both groups.

ABSTRACT A new species in the genus Lobothallia (Megasporaceae, lichenized ascomycetes), from Margalla Hills, Pakistan, is described and illustrated here under the name Lobothallia densipruinosa. It is characterized by contiguous, clustered, densely pruinose dark olive apothecia, conidia 6-10 µm long, and large areoles and lobes. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-nrDNA sequencing placed our species relative to L. pruinosa. Descriptions and images of the new species are provided, as well as a key for the 21 species of Lobothallia known to the world.

Abstract Present study was aimed to explore the impact of ginger and peppermint in adolescents suffering with primary dysmenorrhea. For that purpose, 150 adolescents, aged 13-22 years, with regular menstruation suffering with moderate to severe dysmenorrhea (scoring 3-5 on pain scale) and preferably not taking any medication were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups i.e. control, ginger and peppermint. Baseline data was collected with help of self-administered questionnaire. To determine comparative analgesic effect of ginger and peppermint, capsules were formulated, and each group received total number of 15 capsules in a month (3 capsules/day for consecutive 5 days). Compared with baseline data, ginger was found more effectual than peppermint in releasing dysmenorrhea i.e. observed scoring in case of ginger was reduced from mean value of 4.13 ± 0.63 to 2.10 ± 1.52 (p = 0.001). Similarly, ginger intervention exhibited gradual betterment of 10% in symptoms of dysmenorrhea but also affected blood pressure positively (p < 0.05). However, blood hemoglobin and serum calcium levels acted as independent variables in ginger and peppermint groups (p > 0.05), not affected by any mode of intervention. It was concluded that ginger exhibited superior impact in lowering pain as compared to peppermint and control groups.

Abstract Biosorption is a cost-effective excellent tool for removing problematic dyes. The present work was focused on the utilization of Citrus paradise (grapefruit) peels aqueous extract for synthesis of nickel nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and were used for the remediation of congo red direct dye. The decolorization of Congo Red direct dye was measured using UV/Visible spectrophotometer following the optimization of experimental factors. Maximum decolorization was observed at a dye concentration of 0.02 %, pH 6, at 50 °C temperature, and catalyst dose was 0.01 g/L. TOC and COD values were found to be 79.89 % and 78.23 %. Agriculrural waste could be used for the remediation of other synthetic dyes as well; hence helps in cleaning our natural environment.

Resumen La biosorción es una excelente herramienta rentable para eliminar colorantes problemáticos. El presente trabajo se centró en la utilización del extracto de cáscaras de Citrus paradise (pomelo) para la síntesis de nanopartículas de níquel. Las nanopartículas preparadas se caracterizaron por microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y se utilizaron para la remediación del colorante directo rojo de Congo. La decoloración del colorante directo Rojo Congo se midió mediante espectrometría siguiendo la optimización de factores experimentales. Se observó una decoloración máxima a una concentración de colorante de 0.02 %, pH 6, y una temperatura de 50 °C; la dosis del catalizador fue de 0.01 g/L. Se determinó que los valores de TOC y DQO eran 79.89 % y 78.23 %, respectivamente. Los residuos agrícolas también podrían utilizarse para la remediación de otros tintes sintéticos y con ello ayudar a limpiar nuestro entorno natural.

Abstract In order to ascertain physicochemical and nutraceutical attributes, indigenous guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivars were comprehensively characterized. Eight cultivars namely Gola, Chota Gola, Surahi, Choti Surahi, Sufaida, Sdabahar, Lal Badshah and Karela were selected due to their climatic adaptability and commercial suitability. All the cultivars showed significant variations in terms of their studied quality attributes. Amongst physical characteristics, Gola exhibited highest (79.9 mm3) GMD with lowest (50.3 mm3) was estimated in Choti Surahi. Insignificant varietal differences were observed in most of the proximate parameters as well as in mineral contents. Nutraceutical estimations showed significant variation in ascorbic acid (222.26-289.43 mg/100 g), total phenolic contents (94.06-190.64 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid contents (81.30-154.19 mg QE/100 g) and radical scavenging activity (27.70-78.15%) in the selected cultivars. A highly significant correlation (R2 = 0.9970 p < 0.05) was observed between ascorbic acid and radical scavenging activity. In sensory evaluation, Gola received over all maximum scores (8.8) amongst its counterparts. Processed data were then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). The combination of PCA and HCA yielded in a sufficient discrimination of the examined guava cultivars. In PCA analysis, first two PCA components explained 65.98% of the total variation. Dendrogram successfully classified the tested cultivars into three major groups featuring dissimilarities amongst the cultivars. Research outcome will provide baseline for the farmers, researchers, exporters and other stalk holders to realize the ultimate potential of indigenous guava cultivars for their appropriate commercial utilization.

ABSTRACT Medicago polymorpha L. is a herbaceous legume that can be a useful pasture crop, especially in Mediterranean climates. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation in five populations of M. polymorpha collected from different eco- geographic regions in Tunisia using eight SSR markers. The transferability of 112 SSR markers distributed on the eight chromosomes of M. truncatula Gaertn. showed that 50 SSR markers could be amplified in M. polymorpha. Among these 50 SSR markers, eight (8) markers were polymorphous. A high level of polymorphism (126 polymorphic alleles with an average of 5.3 alleles per locus) and a moderate level of genetic diversity were found in all the studied populations, with observed and expected heterozygosities averaging between 0 and 0.69, respectively. Results from analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the most variation was found within populations (76%). Moderate levels of population differentiation (FST = 0.12 to 0.19) accompanied by a high rate of gene flow between populations (Nm = 1.08 to 1.83) were recorded. This molecular differentiation (FST) was not dependent on geographical distances (r = 0.395, p = 0.524), suggesting that studied populations are not geographically isolated. Our results showed that studied populations were clustered into three groups. A first group is formed by the populations of El Kef (TNP7) and Bulla Regia (TNP9), a second group of Enfidha (TNP1) and a third group of Soliman (TNP8) and Mateur (TNP11). Results obtained in our study could be helpful for breeders considering introduction of some lines of this species into M. polymorpha breeding programs.

Abstract Present study was aimed to assess effect of walnut kernel with different dose on individuals with hyperlipidemia. Study was conducted at Fatima Memorial Hospital (FMH), Shadman, Lahore, Pakistan and 90 hyperlipidemic individuals were divided into 3 groups having no other disease. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were estimated in all three groups on 0 day (at start) 30th day and on 56th day of study. A significant (p < 0.05) result was observed and blood lipid profile of individuals were seen to improve by consuming walnuts. Group B who were fed 25 g walnuts kernel per day for 56 days a decrease of 21.6% in serum TC, 28.9% in serum TG, 26.5% in LDL-C; and an increase of 27.1% in HDL-C was observed as compared to control group. Whereas group C individuals who were fed 50 g walnut kernel per day showed a decrease of 30.3% in serum TC, 37.2% in serum TG, 33.8% in LDL-C and an increase of 50.0% in HDL-C was observed. It was concluded that consumption (25 g and 50 g) of walnut kernel showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements in lipid profile of hyperlipidemic individuals when consumed for 56 days.

Abstract The present research was planned to analyze the toxic effects of thimerosal on rat liver. Mercury and mercury compounds are universally known toxicants for animals and humans. Thimerosal is widely used in the vaccines as a preservative which contains 49.6% mercury. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were distributed into four groups (n=6). The first group was considered as a control group. While, second, third and fourth groups were intoxicated with 0.5, 10 and 50 µg/kg thimerosal (i.m.) respectively. After 30 days, rats were slaughtered to analyze the liver tissues. The results of the experiment exposed that thimerosal instigated significant (p<0.05) increase in alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aminotransferase (AST) levels. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) activities and Glutathione (GSH) and protein levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Furthermore, significant increases in Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level and DNA damage was observed. Histopathological study revealed severe damages, e.g. fatty alterations, deterioration of lobular structure and degeneration of nuclei in hepatic tissues of thimerosal treated rats. Results of present investigation revealed that thimerosal induces hepatotoxicity at different levels.

Abstract Introduction: In mechanically ventilated patients, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major cause of prolonged hospitalization with increased morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of studies on the relationship between bacterial colonization of the ventilator circuit (VC) and VAP. This study aimed to investigate the role of bacterial colonization of VC in the development of VAP and identify antibiotic susceptibility trends for isolated strains. Methods: A prospective study of the bacterial culture has been performed between February 2021 to March 2021 on a total of 100 mechanically ventilated patients, (n =50) samples have been obtained from patient's lower respiratory tract (LRT) and (n =50) were taken from mechanical ventilator equipment VC. Paired samples of bacteria isolated from VC and LRT, where VC was colonized before LRT. Results: A total of 58 samples were cultured positively, while 42 specimens showed negative bacterial growth. However, there was no substantial difference in comparing between the bacterial colonization of the ventilator system and the patient samples. Most isolated organisms were gram-negative bacteria which were found in the ventilator circuit with 26 (68.4%), and 14 (70%) in patient's LRT. Gram-positive was detected in 12 (31.6%) and 6 (30%) of the ventilator circuit, and patient's LRT, respectively. The predominant bacterial type was Acinetobacter baumannii organism at the VC with 10 (26.3%) and LRT at 4 (20%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8 (21.1%) in VC and 4 (20%) in LRT). Moreover, A. baumannii showed a full resistance to amoxicillin and the first generation of cephalosporins, while the other bacterial types were resistant to the most antibiotics used in this research. Conclusions: Bacterial colonization of ventilator circuit VC is a significant cause of VAP development in mechanically ventilated patients. Preventive strategies for the early detection and decontamination of contaminated VC can play a crucial role in ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention.

Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common human bacterial infections encountered by physicians. The risk of resistant microbes is emerging as a result of the overuse of antibiotics treatments. The presence of pathogens with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents makes UTIs difficult to treat. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the pathogens that cause UTIs, as well as the antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates. Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2020; a total number of 200 urine samples were collected from patients who daily attended TMC Libya. Bacterial pathogens were determined by bacteriological culture methods and Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by using the disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 200 samples, 110 cases had a positive culture. The dominant bacterial pathogens were Gram-negative that being with Escherichia coli (49, 55.68%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (18, 20.46%), Pseudomona aeruginosa (9, 10.23%), Proteus mirabilis (8, 9.09%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2, 2.27%), Citrobacter freundii (2, 2.27%). Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus 20 (90.91%) followed by S. saprophyticus (2, 9.01%) of the isolate's strains. The isolated uropathogen showed increased levels of resistance to antibiotics. Where the Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus indicated the highest antibiotic resistance to Nitrofurantoin, Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and also revealed the most sensitivity to Cefixime followed by doxycycline and ceftriaxone. Conclusions: The obtained results emphasized the emergence of highly resistant bacteria to most of the tested antimicrobials and propose the need for physicians to change their treatment pattern depending on antimicrobial susceptibility results.

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son una de las infecciones bacterianas humanas más comunes que encuentran los médicos. El riesgo de microbios resistentes está surgiendo como resultado del uso excesivo de tratamientos con antibióticos. La presencia de patógenos con mayor resistencia a los agentes antimicrobianos dificulta el tratamiento de las infecciones urinarias. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de los patógenos que causan las ITU, así como la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos de estos aislados. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio prospectivo se realizó desde febrero de 2020 hasta abril de 2020; Se recogió un total de 200 muestras de orina de pacientes que asistían diariamente a TMC Libia. Los patógenos bacterianos se determinaron mediante métodos de cultivo bacteriológico y las pruebas de susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se realizaron mediante el método de difusión en disco. Resultados: De 200 muestras, 110 casos tuvieron un cultivo positivo. Los patógenos bacterianos dominantes fueron Gram-negativos con Escherichia coli (49, 55.68%), seguidos de Klebsiella pneumonia (18, 20.46%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9, 10.23%), Proteus mirabilis (8, 9.09%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2, 2.27%). %), Citrobacter freundii (2, 2.27%). Las bacterias grampositivas fueron Staphylococcus aureus (20, 90.91%) seguido de S. saprophyticus, (2, 9.01%) de las cepas del aislado. El uropatógeno aislado mostró niveles aumentados de resistencia a los antibióticos. Donde Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus indicaron la mayor resistencia a los antibióticos a la nitrofurantoína, sulfametoxazol/trimetoprima, tetraciclina, ciprofloxacina, metronidazol y también revelaron la mayor sensibilidad a la cefixima seguida de la doxiciclina y la ceftriaxona. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos enfatizan la aparición de bacterias altamente resistentes a la mayoría de los antimicrobianos probados y proponen la necesidad de que los médicos cambien su patrón de tratamiento en función de los resultados de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana.